Educational Guide — US Immigration
ESEN

Citizenship and naturalization

Naturalization is the process by which a permanent resident becomes a US citizen. It grants the right to vote, a US passport and full consular protection.

General requirements (N-400)

  • Be at least 18 years old.
  • Be a permanent resident for at least 5 years (3 if married to a US citizen).
  • Continuous physical presence of at least 30 months within those 5 years.
  • Good moral character.
  • Be able to read, write and speak basic English.
  • Pass the civics education test.
  • Take the Oath of Allegiance to the US Constitution.

Civics education test

The exam includes 10 questions from an official bank of 100. You must answer at least 6 correctly. Reading, writing and speaking English are also evaluated. Exemptions exist for older adults and medical cases.

100 → 10 → 6 ✅

Process steps

  1. Verify eligibility and gather documentation.
  2. File Form N-400 with the corresponding fee.
  3. Attend the biometrics appointment.
  4. Take the interview and tests with a USCIS officer.
  5. Receive decision: approved, continued or denied.
  6. Attend the swearing-in ceremony and receive the Naturalization Certificate.